George Ballif Caine was born September 16, 1889 in Logan, Utah the son of John T. and Kinnie Ballif Caine. Caine received his basic education in the area schools and after graduating from high school, he enrolled in the Agricultural College of Utah (now Utah State University). At the ACU, he studied animal husbandry and graduated with a BS in 1912. Later that year, he enrolled in the University of Missouri and by 1914, had earned a MA in animal husbandry. Caine's MA thesis was entitled "Protein Requirements for Dairy Heifers." In 1915, Caine returned to the Agricultural college of Utah and became a faculty member. Caine also organized and oversaw the college's first dairy herd. This involved constructing a dairy barn on campus, obtaining the forty-head herd of both Holstein and Jersey cattle, and caring for and studying the cattle. In 1918 he was made head of the College's Dairy Industry Department, a position he held until his retirement 1955.

On January 19, 1916 Caine married Marie Stoddard Eccles in Logan, Utah. Two years later, on July 26, 1918, Caine joined the Unites States Army. He served as a private until his honorable discharge on April 26, 1919. In 1920 Caine, along with W.H. Eardley and Arthur H. Caine, formed the Eardley-Caine Livestock Company in Soda Springs, Idaho. This company's chief function was raising and selling specially bred cattle.

In 1928 Caine was selected as an American delegate to attend the World Dairy Congress in London. Following the conclusion of the congress Caine spent five months traveling across Europe's dairy section, visiting Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Italy, France, Denmark, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary. He returned to the United States later that year.

Over the course of Caine's career at Utah State University, he taught numerous classes, including: dairy husbandry, dairy farm management, dairy production, and a various special topics classes. He served on USU's Agricultural Council Committee, was involved in various USU Extension Service projects, served as a cattle breed certifier for the state of Utah, and was the secretary and treasurer of the American Dairy Association of Utah. He published over one-hundred articles on dairy science and was involved with various scientific dairy associations, including the American Dairy Science Association and the Dairy Shrine Club. In addition to his professional duties, Caine was also active in local and civic affairs such as in the Logan Chamber of Commerce, Logan Rotary Club, Logan Men's Club, and served on the Board of Directors for the First Security Bank in Logan.

George B. Caine died in 1969.

In January 1986, USU's dairy herd was moved to a new facility in Wellsville, Utah. This dairy farm was designated as the George B. Caine Teaching & Research Center in honor of George B. Caine.